Across Nigeria, farmers are facing escalating challenges as climate change intensifies water scarcity, threatening agricultural productivity and livelihoods. Erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and desertification have become more prevalent, particularly in northern regions, making traditional farming increasingly untenable.
The Impact on Agriculture
Nigeria’s agriculture is predominantly rain-fed, rendering it highly susceptible to climate variability. Unpredictable weather patterns have led to reduced crop yields and increased food insecurity. In 2020, approximately 79% of Nigerian farmers reported being affected by droughts and floods, with over a quarter experiencing significant disruptions to their harvests.
Water scarcity has also exacerbated conflicts between farmers and herders, as both groups compete for dwindling resources. These tensions have occasionally escalated into violence, further destabilizing rural communities.
Adaptation and Resilience

In response to these challenges, Nigerian farmers are adopting innovative practices to enhance resilience. Techniques such as drip irrigation, the use of drought-resistant crop varieties, and the implementation of cover cropping to retain soil moisture are gaining traction.
Government initiatives like the Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) project aim to restore degraded lands and improve water management. This six-year World Bank-funded project focuses on sustainable landscape management practices across Northern Nigeria, aiming to restore one million hectares of degraded land by 2028.
The Way Forward
Addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders. Investments in climate-resilient agriculture, improved water infrastructure, and community-based resource management are essential. Moreover, empowering local communities through education and access to technology can foster sustainable practices and enhance food security.
As Nigeria continues to navigate the complexities of climate change, the resilience and adaptability of its farmers remain crucial to ensuring the nation’s food security and economic stability.
Also Read: Top 5 African Countries with the Highest World Bank Debt in 2025